UIDAI will roll out face authentication security feature to enhance Aadhar security.The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) on Monday said it was soon going to roll out face authentication as an additional security feature for Aadhaar verification. The new feature, likely to be introduced by July, would make it convenient for those who have difficulty in authentication through fingerprint or iris scan. However, the face recognition would be used only in “fusion mode”, that is it would be valid only when used along with one more authentication feature — fingerprint or iris or one-time password (OTP), the UIDAI said in a statement.Presently UIDAI provides two modes of biometric authentication — fingerprint and iris. It said that while most of the people are able to authenticate using these two features, some face difficulty in using biometric authentication using one of the modalities. “The UIDAI has decided to enable face authentication infusion mode on registered devices by July 1, 2018, so that people facing difficulty in other biometric authentication (fingerprint and iris) could easily authenticate,” the Authority said. “The face authentication feature will provide an additional option for all residents to have inclusive authentication. Besides, the feature will also be allowed on the need basis,” it added. It said that since face photo is already available in UIDAI database, there is no need to capture any new reference data at the Authority’s Central Identities Data Repository (CIDR). According to UIDAI, the Authentication User Agencies (AUAs) will be required to ensure inclusive authentication when single modality is not working for specific residents.“A camera is now easily available on laptops and mobiles making the face capture easily feasible for Authentication User Agencies (AUAs) without needing any additional hardware. Face authentication with liveliness detection can be used as an additional factor to increase security,” the Authority said. The AUA is an entity engaged in providing Aadhaar Enabled Services to Aadhaar holders, using the authentication as facilitated by the Authentication Service Agency (ASA). An AUA may be government/public/private legal agency registered in India that uses Aadhaar authentication.To facilitate this authentication service, UIDAI will work with biometric device providers to integrate face modality into the certified registered devices and also may provide standalone Registered Device (RD) service as required. The UIDAI said it will provide Software Development Kits (SDKs)/Registered Device (RD) services in various operating systems which will have the ability to capture face image, check liveliness, and create digitally signed and encrypted authentication input (PID block) as required. Aadhaar authentication is being used as the primary identity verification mechanism by many systems such as banks, telecom companies, PDS, Income Tax Department, employees attendance etc. “This facility is going to help in inclusive authentication of those who are not able to biometrically authenticate due to their worn out fingerprints, old age or hard work conditions,” it added.
Monday 15 January 2018
Friday 12 January 2018
ಬಿಟ್ ಕಾಯಿನ್ ಎಂದರೆ ಎನು??
ಬಿಟ್ಕೋಯಿನ್ ಎನ್ನುವುದು ಡಿಜಿಟಲ್ ಕರೆನ್ಸಿಯ ಒಂದು ರೂಪವಾಗಿದೆ, ಇದನ್ನು ವಿದ್ಯುನ್ಮಾನವಾಗಿ ರಚಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ ಮತ್ತು ಇಡಲಾಗಿದೆ. ಯಾರೂ ಇದನ್ನು ನಿಯಂತ್ರಿಸುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ಡಾಟಾರು ಅಥವಾ ಯೂರೋಗಳಂತೆ ಬಿಟ್ಕೋನ್ಗಳನ್ನು ಮುದ್ರಿಸಲಾಗುವುದಿಲ್ಲ - ಗಣಿತದ ಸಮಸ್ಯೆಗಳನ್ನು ಬಗೆಹರಿಸುವ ತಂತ್ರಾಂಶವನ್ನು ಬಳಸಿಕೊಂಡು ಜನರು ಮತ್ತು ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರಗಳು, ಜಗತ್ತಿನಾದ್ಯಂತವಿರುವ ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್ಗಳನ್ನು ಚಾಲನೆ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿರುವಿರಿ. ಕ್ರಿಪ್ಟೋಕೂರ್ನ್ಸಿಯೆಂದು ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡುವ ಹಣದ ಬೆಳೆಯುತ್ತಿರುವ ವಿಭಾಗದ ಮೊದಲ ಉದಾಹರಣೆಯೆಂದರೆ.
ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಕರೆನ್ಸಿಗಳಿಂದ ಇದು ಬೇರೆ ಏನು ಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ?
ವಿದ್ಯುನ್ಮಾನ ವಸ್ತುಗಳನ್ನು ಖರೀದಿಸಲು ವಿಕ್ಷನರಿ ಬಳಸಬಹುದು. ಆ ಅರ್ಥದಲ್ಲಿ, ಇದು ಸಾಂಪ್ರದಾಯಿಕ ಡಾಲರ್ಗಳು, ಯೂರೋಗಳು, ಅಥವಾ ಯೆನ್ಗಳಂತೆಯೇ ಸಹ ಡಿಜಿಟಲ್ವಾಗಿ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರಗೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತದೆ. ಆದಾಗ್ಯೂ, ಬಿಟ್ಕೋಯಿನ್ನ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಗುಣಲಕ್ಷಣ, ಮತ್ತು ಸಾಂಪ್ರದಾಯಿಕ ಹಣಕ್ಕೆ ವಿಭಿನ್ನವಾಗಿರುವ ವಿಷಯವೆಂದರೆ ಅದು ವಿಕೇಂದ್ರೀಕೃತವಾಗಿದೆ. ಏಕೈಕ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆ ಬಿಟ್ಕೊನ್ ನೆಟ್ವರ್ಕ್ ಅನ್ನು ನಿಯಂತ್ರಿಸುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ಇದು ಕೆಲವು ಜನರನ್ನು ನಿರಾತಂಕವಾಗಿರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ, ಏಕೆಂದರೆ ಇದರ ಅರ್ಥ ದೊಡ್ಡ ಬ್ಯಾಂಕ್ ತಮ್ಮ ಹಣವನ್ನು ನಿಯಂತ್ರಿಸುವುದಿಲ್ಲ.
ಯಾರು ಅದನ್ನು ರಚಿಸಿದರು?
ಎಂಬ ಸಾಫ್ಟ್ವೇರ್ ಡೆವಲಪರ್ ಸಟೋಶಿ ನಕಾಮೋಟೊಪ್ರೊಸ್ಪೋಸ್ಟೆಡ್ ಬಿಟ್ಕೋಯಿನ್, ಇದು ಗಣಿತದ ಪುರಾವೆಗಳ ಆಧಾರದ ಮೇಲೆ ಎಲೆಕ್ಟ್ರಾನಿಕ್ ಪಾವತಿಯ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆಯಾಗಿದೆ. ಯಾವುದೇ ಕೇಂದ್ರೀಯ ಅಧಿಕಾರದಿಂದ ಸ್ವತಂತ್ರವಾದ ಕರೆನ್ಸಿಯನ್ನು ಉತ್ಪಾದಿಸುವುದು, ವಿದ್ಯುನ್ಮಾನವಾಗಿ ವರ್ಗಾಯಿಸಬಲ್ಲದು, ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಕಡಿಮೆ ಅಥವಾ ತಕ್ಷಣವೇ, ಕಡಿಮೆ ವ್ಯವಹಾರದ ಶುಲ್ಕಗಳೊಂದಿಗೆ.
ಯಾರು ಅದನ್ನು ಮುದ್ರಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ?
ಯಾರೂ ಇಲ್ಲ. ಈ ಕರೆನ್ಸಿಯು ಕೇಂದ್ರ ಬ್ಯಾಂಕಿನಿಂದ ನೆರಳುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಮುದ್ರಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿಲ್ಲ, ಜನಸಂಖ್ಯೆಗೆ ಅಂದಾಜು ಮಾಡಲಾಗುವುದಿಲ್ಲ, ಮತ್ತು ಅದರ ಸ್ವಂತ ನಿಯಮಗಳನ್ನು ರೂಪಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಆ ಬ್ಯಾಂಕುಗಳು ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಸಾಲವನ್ನು ಸರಿದೂಗಿಸಲು ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಹಣವನ್ನು ಉತ್ಪಾದಿಸಬಲ್ಲದು, ಆದ್ದರಿಂದ ಅವುಗಳ ಕರೆನ್ಸಿಯನ್ನು ಮೌಲ್ಯಮಾಪನ ಮಾಡುವುದು. ಬದಲಿಗೆ, ಬಿಟ್ಕೋಯಿನ್ ಅನ್ನು ಡಿಜಿಟಲ್ ರೂಪದಲ್ಲಿ ರಚಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ, ಜನರ ಸಮುದಾಯದಿಂದ ಯಾರಾದರೂ ಸೇರಬಹುದು. ವಿತರಣೆ ಜಾಲದಲ್ಲಿ ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟಿಂಗ್ ಪವರ್ ಬಳಸಿ ಬಿಟ್ಕೋಯಿನ್ಸ್ 'ಗಣಿಗಾರಿಕೆ' ಮಾಡಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಈ ಜಾಲಬಂಧ ಅಲ್ಸೊಪ್ರೊಸೆಸಸ್ ವಹಿವಾಟುಗಳು ವರ್ಚುವಲ್ ಕರೆನ್ಸಿಯೊಂದಿಗೆ ತಯಾರಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿವೆ, ಪರಿಣಾಮಕಾರಿಯಾಗಿ ಅದರ ಸ್ವಂತ ಪಾವತಿ ನೆಟ್ವರ್ಕ್ ಅನ್ನು ಬಿಟ್ಕೋನ್ ಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ.
ಆದ್ದರಿಂದ ನೀವು ಅನಿಯಮಿತ ಬಿಟ್ಕೋಯಿನ್ಗಳನ್ನು ಚಲಾಯಿಸಲು ಸಾಧ್ಯವಿಲ್ಲ?
ಅದು ಸರಿ. ಬಿಟ್ಕೊಯ್ನ್ ಪ್ರೊಟೊಕಾಲ್ - ಬಿಟ್ಕೊಯಿನ್ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುವ ನಿಯಮಗಳು - ಕೇವಲ 21 ಮಿಲಿಯನ್ ಬಿಟ್ಕೋನ್ಗಳು ಗಣಿಗಾರರಿಂದ ಮಾತ್ರ ರಚಿಸಲ್ಪಡುತ್ತವೆ ಎಂದು ಹೇಳುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಆದಾಗ್ಯೂ, ಈ ನಾಣ್ಯಗಳನ್ನು ಸಣ್ಣ ಭಾಗಗಳಾಗಿ ವಿಂಗಡಿಸಬಹುದು (ಬಿಟ್ಕೋಯಿನ್ ನ ಒಂದು ಮಿಲಿಯನ್ಗಿಂತ ಚಿಕ್ಕದಾದ ಭಾಗವು ಬಿಟ್ಕೋಯಿನ್ನ ನಂತರ, 'ಸತೋಶಿ' ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ).
ಆಧರಿಸಿ ಬಿಟ್ಕೋಯಿನ್ ಏನು?
ಸಾಂಪ್ರದಾಯಿಕ ಕರೆನ್ಸಿ ಚಿನ್ನದ ಅಥವಾ ಬೆಳ್ಳಿ ಆಧರಿಸಿ ಬಂದಿದೆ. ಸೈದ್ಧಾಂತಿಕವಾಗಿ, ನೀವು ಬ್ಯಾಂಕಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಡಾಲನ್ನು ಹಸ್ತಾಂತರಿಸಿದರೆ, ನೀವು ಕೆಲವು ಚಿನ್ನವನ್ನು ಮರಳಿ ಪಡೆಯಬಹುದು (ಆದಾಗ್ಯೂ ಇದು ನಿಜವಾಗಿಯೂ ಆಚರಣೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿಲ್ಲ). ಆದರೆ ಬಿಟ್ಕೋಯಿನ್ ಚಿನ್ನವನ್ನು ಆಧರಿಸುವುದಿಲ್ಲ; ಇದು ಗಣಿತಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ಮೇಲೆ ಆಧಾರಿತವಾಗಿದೆ. ಪ್ರಪಂಚದಾದ್ಯಂತ, ಜನರು ಬಿಟ್ಕೋಯಿನ್ಗಳನ್ನು ಉತ್ಪಾದಿಸಲು ಗಣಿತ ಸೂತ್ರವನ್ನು ಅನುಸರಿಸುವ ಸಾಫ್ಟ್ವೇರ್ ಕಾರ್ಯಕ್ರಮಗಳನ್ನು ಬಳಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಗಣಿತದ ಸೂತ್ರವು ಉಚಿತವಾಗಿ ಲಭ್ಯವಿರುತ್ತದೆ, ಆದ್ದರಿಂದ ಯಾರಾದರೂ ಅದನ್ನು ಪರಿಶೀಲಿಸಬಹುದು. ಸಾಫ್ಟ್ವೇರ್ ಸಹ ತೆರೆದ ಮೂಲವಾಗಿದೆ, ಇದರ ಅರ್ಥವೇನೆಂದರೆ ಅದನ್ನು ಯಾರಾದರೂ ಅದನ್ನು ನೋಡಬಹುದೆಂಬುದನ್ನು ಖಚಿತಪಡಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಿ.
ಅದರ ಗುಣಲಕ್ಷಣಗಳು ಯಾವುವು?
1. ಇದು ವಿಕೇಂದ್ರೀಕೃತವಾಗಿದೆ .
ಬಿಟ್ಕೋಯಿನ್ ನೆಟ್ವರ್ಕ್ ಒಂದು ಕೇಂದ್ರ ಪ್ರಾಧಿಕಾರದಿಂದ ನಿಯಂತ್ರಿಸಲ್ಪಡುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ಬಿಟ್ಕೊಯಿನ್ ಮತ್ತು ವ್ಯವಹಾರ ಪ್ರಕ್ರಿಯೆಗಳ ಗಣಿಗಳನ್ನು ಪ್ರತಿ ಯಂತ್ರವು ಜಾಲಬಂಧದ ಭಾಗವಾಗಿ ಮತ್ತು ಯಂತ್ರೋಪಕರಣಗಳನ್ನು ಒಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಸೇರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಇದರರ್ಥ, ಸಿದ್ಧಾಂತದಲ್ಲಿ, ಒಂದು ಕೇಂದ್ರ ಅಧಿಕಾರವು ವಿತ್ತೀಯ ನೀತಿಯೊಂದಿಗೆ ಟಿಂಕರ್ ಮಾಡುವುದಿಲ್ಲ ಮತ್ತು ಕರಗುವಿಕೆಗೆ ಕಾರಣವಾಗಬಹುದು - ಅಥವಾ ಜನರಿಂದ ಅವರ ಬಿಟ್ಕೋಯಿನ್ಗಳನ್ನು ಅವರಿಂದ ದೂರವಿರಿಸಲು ನಿರ್ಧರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ, ಏಕೆಂದರೆ ಕೇಂದ್ರ ಯುರೋಪಿಯನ್ ಬ್ಯಾಂಕ್ 2013 ರ ಆರಂಭದಲ್ಲಿ ಸೈಪ್ರಸ್ ಅನ್ನು ಮಾಡಲು ನಿರ್ಧರಿಸಿದೆ. ನೆಟ್ವರ್ಕ್ ಕಾರಣದಿಂದಾಗಿ ಆಫ್ಲೈನ್ಗೆ ಹೋಗುತ್ತದೆ, ಹಣವು ಹರಿಯುತ್ತದೆ.
2. ಬ್ಯಾಂಕ್ ಖಾತೆಯನ್ನು ತೆರೆಯಲು ಸರಳ ಬ್ಯಾಂಕುಗಳು ಸರಳವಾಗಿ ಹೂಪ್ಸ್ ಮೂಲಕ ಜಂಪ್ ಮಾಡಲು ನಿಮಗೆ ಸುಲಭವಾಗಿದೆ. ಪಾವತಿಗೆ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರಿ ಖಾತೆಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿಸುವುದು ಮತ್ತೊಂದು ಅಧಿಕಾರಶಾಹಿ ಕಾರ್ಯವಾಗಿದೆ, ಇದು ಅಧಿಕಾರಶಾಹಿಯಿಂದ ಆವೃತವಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ಆದಾಗ್ಯೂ, ಸೆಕೆಂಡುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಬಿಟ್ಕೋನ್ ವಿಳಾಸವನ್ನು ನೀವು ಹೊಂದಿಸಬಹುದು, ಯಾವುದೇ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಗಳನ್ನು ಕೇಳಲಾಗುವುದಿಲ್ಲ, ಮತ್ತು ಯಾವುದೇ ಶುಲ್ಕವನ್ನು ಪಾವತಿಸದೇ ಇರಬಹುದು.
ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಕರೆನ್ಸಿಗಳಿಂದ ಇದು ಬೇರೆ ಏನು ಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ?
ವಿದ್ಯುನ್ಮಾನ ವಸ್ತುಗಳನ್ನು ಖರೀದಿಸಲು ವಿಕ್ಷನರಿ ಬಳಸಬಹುದು. ಆ ಅರ್ಥದಲ್ಲಿ, ಇದು ಸಾಂಪ್ರದಾಯಿಕ ಡಾಲರ್ಗಳು, ಯೂರೋಗಳು, ಅಥವಾ ಯೆನ್ಗಳಂತೆಯೇ ಸಹ ಡಿಜಿಟಲ್ವಾಗಿ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರಗೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತದೆ. ಆದಾಗ್ಯೂ, ಬಿಟ್ಕೋಯಿನ್ನ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಗುಣಲಕ್ಷಣ, ಮತ್ತು ಸಾಂಪ್ರದಾಯಿಕ ಹಣಕ್ಕೆ ವಿಭಿನ್ನವಾಗಿರುವ ವಿಷಯವೆಂದರೆ ಅದು ವಿಕೇಂದ್ರೀಕೃತವಾಗಿದೆ. ಏಕೈಕ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆ ಬಿಟ್ಕೊನ್ ನೆಟ್ವರ್ಕ್ ಅನ್ನು ನಿಯಂತ್ರಿಸುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ಇದು ಕೆಲವು ಜನರನ್ನು ನಿರಾತಂಕವಾಗಿರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ, ಏಕೆಂದರೆ ಇದರ ಅರ್ಥ ದೊಡ್ಡ ಬ್ಯಾಂಕ್ ತಮ್ಮ ಹಣವನ್ನು ನಿಯಂತ್ರಿಸುವುದಿಲ್ಲ.
ಯಾರು ಅದನ್ನು ರಚಿಸಿದರು?
ಎಂಬ ಸಾಫ್ಟ್ವೇರ್ ಡೆವಲಪರ್ ಸಟೋಶಿ ನಕಾಮೋಟೊಪ್ರೊಸ್ಪೋಸ್ಟೆಡ್ ಬಿಟ್ಕೋಯಿನ್, ಇದು ಗಣಿತದ ಪುರಾವೆಗಳ ಆಧಾರದ ಮೇಲೆ ಎಲೆಕ್ಟ್ರಾನಿಕ್ ಪಾವತಿಯ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆಯಾಗಿದೆ. ಯಾವುದೇ ಕೇಂದ್ರೀಯ ಅಧಿಕಾರದಿಂದ ಸ್ವತಂತ್ರವಾದ ಕರೆನ್ಸಿಯನ್ನು ಉತ್ಪಾದಿಸುವುದು, ವಿದ್ಯುನ್ಮಾನವಾಗಿ ವರ್ಗಾಯಿಸಬಲ್ಲದು, ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಕಡಿಮೆ ಅಥವಾ ತಕ್ಷಣವೇ, ಕಡಿಮೆ ವ್ಯವಹಾರದ ಶುಲ್ಕಗಳೊಂದಿಗೆ.
ಯಾರು ಅದನ್ನು ಮುದ್ರಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ?
ಯಾರೂ ಇಲ್ಲ. ಈ ಕರೆನ್ಸಿಯು ಕೇಂದ್ರ ಬ್ಯಾಂಕಿನಿಂದ ನೆರಳುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಮುದ್ರಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿಲ್ಲ, ಜನಸಂಖ್ಯೆಗೆ ಅಂದಾಜು ಮಾಡಲಾಗುವುದಿಲ್ಲ, ಮತ್ತು ಅದರ ಸ್ವಂತ ನಿಯಮಗಳನ್ನು ರೂಪಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಆ ಬ್ಯಾಂಕುಗಳು ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಸಾಲವನ್ನು ಸರಿದೂಗಿಸಲು ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಹಣವನ್ನು ಉತ್ಪಾದಿಸಬಲ್ಲದು, ಆದ್ದರಿಂದ ಅವುಗಳ ಕರೆನ್ಸಿಯನ್ನು ಮೌಲ್ಯಮಾಪನ ಮಾಡುವುದು. ಬದಲಿಗೆ, ಬಿಟ್ಕೋಯಿನ್ ಅನ್ನು ಡಿಜಿಟಲ್ ರೂಪದಲ್ಲಿ ರಚಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ, ಜನರ ಸಮುದಾಯದಿಂದ ಯಾರಾದರೂ ಸೇರಬಹುದು. ವಿತರಣೆ ಜಾಲದಲ್ಲಿ ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟಿಂಗ್ ಪವರ್ ಬಳಸಿ ಬಿಟ್ಕೋಯಿನ್ಸ್ 'ಗಣಿಗಾರಿಕೆ' ಮಾಡಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಈ ಜಾಲಬಂಧ ಅಲ್ಸೊಪ್ರೊಸೆಸಸ್ ವಹಿವಾಟುಗಳು ವರ್ಚುವಲ್ ಕರೆನ್ಸಿಯೊಂದಿಗೆ ತಯಾರಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿವೆ, ಪರಿಣಾಮಕಾರಿಯಾಗಿ ಅದರ ಸ್ವಂತ ಪಾವತಿ ನೆಟ್ವರ್ಕ್ ಅನ್ನು ಬಿಟ್ಕೋನ್ ಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ.
ಆದ್ದರಿಂದ ನೀವು ಅನಿಯಮಿತ ಬಿಟ್ಕೋಯಿನ್ಗಳನ್ನು ಚಲಾಯಿಸಲು ಸಾಧ್ಯವಿಲ್ಲ?
ಅದು ಸರಿ. ಬಿಟ್ಕೊಯ್ನ್ ಪ್ರೊಟೊಕಾಲ್ - ಬಿಟ್ಕೊಯಿನ್ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುವ ನಿಯಮಗಳು - ಕೇವಲ 21 ಮಿಲಿಯನ್ ಬಿಟ್ಕೋನ್ಗಳು ಗಣಿಗಾರರಿಂದ ಮಾತ್ರ ರಚಿಸಲ್ಪಡುತ್ತವೆ ಎಂದು ಹೇಳುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಆದಾಗ್ಯೂ, ಈ ನಾಣ್ಯಗಳನ್ನು ಸಣ್ಣ ಭಾಗಗಳಾಗಿ ವಿಂಗಡಿಸಬಹುದು (ಬಿಟ್ಕೋಯಿನ್ ನ ಒಂದು ಮಿಲಿಯನ್ಗಿಂತ ಚಿಕ್ಕದಾದ ಭಾಗವು ಬಿಟ್ಕೋಯಿನ್ನ ನಂತರ, 'ಸತೋಶಿ' ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ).
ಆಧರಿಸಿ ಬಿಟ್ಕೋಯಿನ್ ಏನು?
ಸಾಂಪ್ರದಾಯಿಕ ಕರೆನ್ಸಿ ಚಿನ್ನದ ಅಥವಾ ಬೆಳ್ಳಿ ಆಧರಿಸಿ ಬಂದಿದೆ. ಸೈದ್ಧಾಂತಿಕವಾಗಿ, ನೀವು ಬ್ಯಾಂಕಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಡಾಲನ್ನು ಹಸ್ತಾಂತರಿಸಿದರೆ, ನೀವು ಕೆಲವು ಚಿನ್ನವನ್ನು ಮರಳಿ ಪಡೆಯಬಹುದು (ಆದಾಗ್ಯೂ ಇದು ನಿಜವಾಗಿಯೂ ಆಚರಣೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿಲ್ಲ). ಆದರೆ ಬಿಟ್ಕೋಯಿನ್ ಚಿನ್ನವನ್ನು ಆಧರಿಸುವುದಿಲ್ಲ; ಇದು ಗಣಿತಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ಮೇಲೆ ಆಧಾರಿತವಾಗಿದೆ. ಪ್ರಪಂಚದಾದ್ಯಂತ, ಜನರು ಬಿಟ್ಕೋಯಿನ್ಗಳನ್ನು ಉತ್ಪಾದಿಸಲು ಗಣಿತ ಸೂತ್ರವನ್ನು ಅನುಸರಿಸುವ ಸಾಫ್ಟ್ವೇರ್ ಕಾರ್ಯಕ್ರಮಗಳನ್ನು ಬಳಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಗಣಿತದ ಸೂತ್ರವು ಉಚಿತವಾಗಿ ಲಭ್ಯವಿರುತ್ತದೆ, ಆದ್ದರಿಂದ ಯಾರಾದರೂ ಅದನ್ನು ಪರಿಶೀಲಿಸಬಹುದು. ಸಾಫ್ಟ್ವೇರ್ ಸಹ ತೆರೆದ ಮೂಲವಾಗಿದೆ, ಇದರ ಅರ್ಥವೇನೆಂದರೆ ಅದನ್ನು ಯಾರಾದರೂ ಅದನ್ನು ನೋಡಬಹುದೆಂಬುದನ್ನು ಖಚಿತಪಡಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಿ.
ಅದರ ಗುಣಲಕ್ಷಣಗಳು ಯಾವುವು?
1. ಇದು ವಿಕೇಂದ್ರೀಕೃತವಾಗಿದೆ .
ಬಿಟ್ಕೋಯಿನ್ ನೆಟ್ವರ್ಕ್ ಒಂದು ಕೇಂದ್ರ ಪ್ರಾಧಿಕಾರದಿಂದ ನಿಯಂತ್ರಿಸಲ್ಪಡುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ಬಿಟ್ಕೊಯಿನ್ ಮತ್ತು ವ್ಯವಹಾರ ಪ್ರಕ್ರಿಯೆಗಳ ಗಣಿಗಳನ್ನು ಪ್ರತಿ ಯಂತ್ರವು ಜಾಲಬಂಧದ ಭಾಗವಾಗಿ ಮತ್ತು ಯಂತ್ರೋಪಕರಣಗಳನ್ನು ಒಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಸೇರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಇದರರ್ಥ, ಸಿದ್ಧಾಂತದಲ್ಲಿ, ಒಂದು ಕೇಂದ್ರ ಅಧಿಕಾರವು ವಿತ್ತೀಯ ನೀತಿಯೊಂದಿಗೆ ಟಿಂಕರ್ ಮಾಡುವುದಿಲ್ಲ ಮತ್ತು ಕರಗುವಿಕೆಗೆ ಕಾರಣವಾಗಬಹುದು - ಅಥವಾ ಜನರಿಂದ ಅವರ ಬಿಟ್ಕೋಯಿನ್ಗಳನ್ನು ಅವರಿಂದ ದೂರವಿರಿಸಲು ನಿರ್ಧರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ, ಏಕೆಂದರೆ ಕೇಂದ್ರ ಯುರೋಪಿಯನ್ ಬ್ಯಾಂಕ್ 2013 ರ ಆರಂಭದಲ್ಲಿ ಸೈಪ್ರಸ್ ಅನ್ನು ಮಾಡಲು ನಿರ್ಧರಿಸಿದೆ. ನೆಟ್ವರ್ಕ್ ಕಾರಣದಿಂದಾಗಿ ಆಫ್ಲೈನ್ಗೆ ಹೋಗುತ್ತದೆ, ಹಣವು ಹರಿಯುತ್ತದೆ.
2. ಬ್ಯಾಂಕ್ ಖಾತೆಯನ್ನು ತೆರೆಯಲು ಸರಳ ಬ್ಯಾಂಕುಗಳು ಸರಳವಾಗಿ ಹೂಪ್ಸ್ ಮೂಲಕ ಜಂಪ್ ಮಾಡಲು ನಿಮಗೆ ಸುಲಭವಾಗಿದೆ. ಪಾವತಿಗೆ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರಿ ಖಾತೆಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿಸುವುದು ಮತ್ತೊಂದು ಅಧಿಕಾರಶಾಹಿ ಕಾರ್ಯವಾಗಿದೆ, ಇದು ಅಧಿಕಾರಶಾಹಿಯಿಂದ ಆವೃತವಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ಆದಾಗ್ಯೂ, ಸೆಕೆಂಡುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಬಿಟ್ಕೋನ್ ವಿಳಾಸವನ್ನು ನೀವು ಹೊಂದಿಸಬಹುದು, ಯಾವುದೇ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಗಳನ್ನು ಕೇಳಲಾಗುವುದಿಲ್ಲ, ಮತ್ತು ಯಾವುದೇ ಶುಲ್ಕವನ್ನು ಪಾವತಿಸದೇ ಇರಬಹುದು.
Thursday 11 January 2018
How to create your own blog without WordPress
Steps
1)go to https://www.blogger.com
2)signup with blogger account.
3) create new blog.
4)you can also earn money by siging up Adsense account by putting ads on your blog.
1)go to https://www.blogger.com
2)signup with blogger account.
3) create new blog.
4)you can also earn money by siging up Adsense account by putting ads on your blog.
Wednesday 10 January 2018
Aggregate impact valve test
aggregate impact value of coarse aggregates as per IS: 2386 (Part IV) – 1963. The apparatus used for determining aggregate impact value of coarse aggregates isImpact testing machine conforming to IS: 2386 (Part IV)- 1963,IS Sieves of sizes – 12.5mm, 10mm and 2.36mm, A cylindrical metal measure of 75mm dia. and 50mm depth, A tamping rod of 10mm circular cross section and 230mm length, rounded at one end and Oven.Preparation of Samplei) The test sample should conform to the following grading:– Passing through 12.5mm IS Sieve – 100%– Retention on 10mm IS Sieve – 100%ii) The sample should be oven-dried for 4hrs. at a temperature of 100 to 110oC and cooled.iii) The measure should be about one-third full with the prepared aggregates and tamped with 25strokes of the tamping rod.A further similar quantity of aggregates should beadded and a further tamping of 25 strokes given. The measure should finally be filled to overflow, tamped 25 times and the surplus aggregates struck off, using a tamping rod as a straight edge.The net weight of the aggregates in the measure should be determined to the nearest gram (Weight ‘A’).
Procedure to determine Aggregate Impact Valuei) The cup of the impact testing machine should be fixed firmly in position on the base of the machine and the whole of the test sample placed in it and compacted by 25 strokes of the tamping rod.ii) The hammer should be raised to 380mm above the upper surface of the aggregates in the cup and allowed to fall freely onto the aggregates. The test sample should be subjectedto a total of 15 such blows, each being delivered at an interval of not less than one second.
Result:
i) The sample should be removed and sieved through a 2.36mm IS Sieve. The fraction passing through should be weighed (Weight ‘B’). The fraction retained on the sieve should also be weighed (Weight ‘C’) and if the total weight (B+C) is less than the initial weight (A) by more than one gram, the result should be discarded and a fresh test done.ii) The ratio of the weight of the fines formed to the total sample weight should be expressed as apercentage.Aggregate impact value = (B/A) x 100%iii) Two such tests should be carried out and the mean of the results should be reported.
Procedure to determine Aggregate Impact Valuei) The cup of the impact testing machine should be fixed firmly in position on the base of the machine and the whole of the test sample placed in it and compacted by 25 strokes of the tamping rod.ii) The hammer should be raised to 380mm above the upper surface of the aggregates in the cup and allowed to fall freely onto the aggregates. The test sample should be subjectedto a total of 15 such blows, each being delivered at an interval of not less than one second.
Result:
i) The sample should be removed and sieved through a 2.36mm IS Sieve. The fraction passing through should be weighed (Weight ‘B’). The fraction retained on the sieve should also be weighed (Weight ‘C’) and if the total weight (B+C) is less than the initial weight (A) by more than one gram, the result should be discarded and a fresh test done.ii) The ratio of the weight of the fines formed to the total sample weight should be expressed as apercentage.Aggregate impact value = (B/A) x 100%iii) Two such tests should be carried out and the mean of the results should be reported.
Tuesday 9 January 2018
CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST (CBR)
The California Bearing Ratio(CBR) test is a measure of resistance of a material to penetration of standard plunger under controlled density and moisture conditions. Itwas developed by the California Division of Highways as a method of classifying and evaluating soil- subgrade and base course materials for flexible pavements.CBR test may be conducted in remoulded or undisturbed sample.Test consists of causing a cylindrical plunger of 50mm diameter to penetrate a pavement component material at 1.25mm/minute.The loads for 2.5mm and 5mm arerecorded. This load is expressed as a percentage of standard load value at a respective deformation level to obtain CBR value.
Apparatus for CBR TestLoading machine-any compression machine can operateat constant rate of 1.25mm per minute can be used. Cylindrical moulds- moulds of 150mm diameter and 175mm height provided with a collar of about 50mm length and detachable perforated base.Compaction rammer, surcharge weight-annular weights each of 2.5kg and 147mm diameter. IS sieve 20mm, Coarse filter paper, balance etc.
Procedure:
Sieve the sample through 20mm IS sieve. Take 5 kg of the sample of soil specimen. Add water to the soil in the quantity such that optimum moisture content or field moisture content is reached.Then soil and water are mixed thoroughly. Spacer disc is placed over the base plate at the bottom of mould and a coarse filter paper is placed over the spacer disc.The prepared soil water mix is divided into five. The mould is cleaned and oil is applied. Then fillone fifth of the mould with the prepared soil. That layer is compacted by giving 56 evenly distributed blows using a hammer of weight 4.89kg.The top layer of the compacted soil is scratched. Again second layer is filled and process is repeated. After 3rdlayer, collar is also attached to the mould and process is continued.After fifth layer collar is removed and excess soil is struck off. Remove base plate and invert the mould. Then it is clamped to baseplate.Surcharge weights of 2.5kg is placed on top surface of soil. Mould containing specimen is placed in position on the testing machine.The penetration plunger is broughtin contact with the soil and a load of 4kg(seating load) is applied so that contact between soil and plunger is established. Then dial readings are adjusted to zero.Load is applied such that penetration rate is 1.25mm per minute. Load at penetration of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 7.5, 10 and 12.5mm are noted.
Result of California Bearing Ratio Test1.California Bearing Ratio at 2.5mm penetration =
2.California Bearing Ratio at 5.0mm penetration =
3.California Bearing Ratio of subgrade soil =
Apparatus for CBR TestLoading machine-any compression machine can operateat constant rate of 1.25mm per minute can be used. Cylindrical moulds- moulds of 150mm diameter and 175mm height provided with a collar of about 50mm length and detachable perforated base.Compaction rammer, surcharge weight-annular weights each of 2.5kg and 147mm diameter. IS sieve 20mm, Coarse filter paper, balance etc.
Procedure:
Sieve the sample through 20mm IS sieve. Take 5 kg of the sample of soil specimen. Add water to the soil in the quantity such that optimum moisture content or field moisture content is reached.Then soil and water are mixed thoroughly. Spacer disc is placed over the base plate at the bottom of mould and a coarse filter paper is placed over the spacer disc.The prepared soil water mix is divided into five. The mould is cleaned and oil is applied. Then fillone fifth of the mould with the prepared soil. That layer is compacted by giving 56 evenly distributed blows using a hammer of weight 4.89kg.The top layer of the compacted soil is scratched. Again second layer is filled and process is repeated. After 3rdlayer, collar is also attached to the mould and process is continued.After fifth layer collar is removed and excess soil is struck off. Remove base plate and invert the mould. Then it is clamped to baseplate.Surcharge weights of 2.5kg is placed on top surface of soil. Mould containing specimen is placed in position on the testing machine.The penetration plunger is broughtin contact with the soil and a load of 4kg(seating load) is applied so that contact between soil and plunger is established. Then dial readings are adjusted to zero.Load is applied such that penetration rate is 1.25mm per minute. Load at penetration of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 7.5, 10 and 12.5mm are noted.
Result of California Bearing Ratio Test1.California Bearing Ratio at 2.5mm penetration =
2.California Bearing Ratio at 5.0mm penetration =
3.California Bearing Ratio of subgrade soil =
Design of earthquake resistance stadium bejing
Construction started on 24thDec, 2003 with a grand breaking ceremony. Within a few months pouring of concrete foundations began.Earthquake resistanceof Beijing National stadium.As China is surrounded by some of the deadliest fault lines, the stadium had to be earthquake proof. The building structure of Beijing Olympics stadium had to pass vigorous seismic tests. J. Parrish was given the responsibility ofmaking the Bird's nest earthquake proof. The immediate problem was that the stadium was so large that it would not shake uniformly altogether with the same frequency.J. Parrishcame up withe solution to construct concrete bow in parts, then surround it with metal bow.Dividing the concrete building structure of Beijing stadium into 6 parts was the key to safety. Being isolated, each part could move flexibly and independently in earthquake so that it could absorb the energy by its free movement, instead of being broken into pieces by this energy. Then it was to be surrounded by metal bow. So that, if in the worst case concrete fails,the steel would be unaffected and would support the structure frame. The structural guidelines of the Olympiccommittee were also to be met accordingly i.e. the stadium should have giant screens, shops, restaurants, cafes, bars and above all spectacularviews of the competitions. Every seat was designed to be as close to the action as possible. No seat was more than 142m from thecenter of the stadium.
With the design phase completed, work on the concrete bow structure of the stadium began. By May 2003, construction was on the way.The project faced new problem when the newly constructed airport terminal in France, havingthe same un-supported roof structure as in Beijing stadium, fell to ground without any warning. The roof of the terminal was designed without any interior supports, sames as the design of the bird's nest. The work on the project came to a halt as Chinese officials reviewed the safety of thestadium. The officials reduced the number of seats, canceled the roof design and recommended a new cheaper and safer design.
After 5 months the project resumed. The architects had to redesign the stadium as an open air. It made the stadium cheaper and more safer.Another problem was of the time, too much time had been wasted in the the reviewal process, now more workers were required. Also winter wasapproaching in which water in concrete could freeze, causing strength reduction problems. 7000workers were brought in, who would work in 3 shifts. With increased speed of about 1 floor a week, the workers finished concreting in 5 months. The main structure was now ready but the giant steel structure was yet to be made, which made it looklike a Bird's nest.On 28th October, 2005, 1st steel pillar was hoisted. For the rest of the structural design, the architects' plans called for massive steel beams that would twist and turn around the 300m wide stadium. The pattern needed to look random tocreate the illusion of the Bird's nest. But at the same time, the beams had to support each otherand carry the heavy loadssafely so that this artistic vision could stand on its own.
With the design phase completed, work on the concrete bow structure of the stadium began. By May 2003, construction was on the way.The project faced new problem when the newly constructed airport terminal in France, havingthe same un-supported roof structure as in Beijing stadium, fell to ground without any warning. The roof of the terminal was designed without any interior supports, sames as the design of the bird's nest. The work on the project came to a halt as Chinese officials reviewed the safety of thestadium. The officials reduced the number of seats, canceled the roof design and recommended a new cheaper and safer design.
After 5 months the project resumed. The architects had to redesign the stadium as an open air. It made the stadium cheaper and more safer.Another problem was of the time, too much time had been wasted in the the reviewal process, now more workers were required. Also winter wasapproaching in which water in concrete could freeze, causing strength reduction problems. 7000workers were brought in, who would work in 3 shifts. With increased speed of about 1 floor a week, the workers finished concreting in 5 months. The main structure was now ready but the giant steel structure was yet to be made, which made it looklike a Bird's nest.On 28th October, 2005, 1st steel pillar was hoisted. For the rest of the structural design, the architects' plans called for massive steel beams that would twist and turn around the 300m wide stadium. The pattern needed to look random tocreate the illusion of the Bird's nest. But at the same time, the beams had to support each otherand carry the heavy loadssafely so that this artistic vision could stand on its own.
Entertainment media in india
Film industry in India: New horizons | 3
With more than 600 television channels, 100 million pay-TV
households, 70,000 newspapers and 1,000 films produced
annually, India’s vibrant media and entertainment (M&E)
industry provides attractive growth opportunities for global
corporations. Enticed by economic liberalization and high
volumes of consumption, many of the world’s media giants have
been present in the Indian market for more
than two decades. However, in recent
years, with near double-digit annual
growth and a fast-growing middle
class, there has been a renewed surge
in investments into the country by
global companies.
Media sectors, regarded as “sunset”
industries in mature markets, are
flourishing in India, presenting
global media companies with exciting
opportunities to counter declining
revenues. For example, the newspaper
industry, which is facing declining
readership in many international markets
because of digital media, continues to thrive
in India, driven by increasing literacy rates
and consumer spending as well as the growth
of regional markets and specialty newspapers.
Newspapers account for 42% of all advertising
spend in India, the highest in all media streams.
India’s favorable regulatory environment
and recent reforms are creating investment
opportunities in a number of M&E sectors.
Entry restrictions for foreign companies
have been relaxed and Foreign Direct
Investment (FDI) caps have been
recently increased in key sectors, including
Direct-To-Home (DTH) and radio. Mandatory
digitization of the country’s TV distribution
infrastructure has spurred the growth of digital cable
and DTH, and created the need for these companies
to fund their expansion. The third round of radio license
auctions (phase III), expected in the near future, is expected
see radio networks adding around 700 radio stations across
the country.
Then, there are India’s diverse content markets. The bulk of the
country’s urban consumption is from non-metro cities (the tier
2 and tier 3 towns) and comprises regional markets with distinct
cultures, languages and content preferences. These markets,
which are huge markets within markets, provide global M&E
companies with a variety of opportunities to deliver localized
content. Many global film studios and TV broadcasters have
already entered these markets and are producing regional
language content.
Finally, there is the evolution of consumption of digital content,
which is at an inflection point in India. Although internet
penetration is currently low in the country, the recent launch of
3G services and the eventual launch of 4G are expected to bring
a late surge in wireless-based broadband adoption. In conjunction
with India’s mobile phone user base of more than 750 million
subscribers, the scale and impact of the country’s potential
for digital content consumption is huge. This presents M&E
companies, foreign and domestic, with an exciting opportunity
to develop digital businesses that cater to a new generation of
broadband users.
While there are many opportunities to tap, there are also unique
differences and challenges. Diverse content preferences and
the low price point and high volumes of content consumption
are some of the critical differences that global M&E companies
need to assess when entering the Indian market. Companies
that understand and adapt to the economic and social fabric of
the country’s operating environment and that invest in tailored
content and services are likely to maximize their success.
M&E companies operating in India continue to be exposed to
risks ranging from local competition to fraud, corruption and
piracy. Furthermore, although the development of corporate
governance norms and ongoing structural and regulatory
reforms are expected to mitigate these threats, global M&E
companies need to develop flexible business plans, and identify
and develop mitigation strategies for key risks.
Media &
Entertainment
industry in India
With more than 600 television channels, 100 million pay-TV
households, 70,000 newspapers and 1,000 films produced
annually, India’s vibrant media and entertainment (M&E)
industry provides attractive growth opportunities for global
corporations. Enticed by economic liberalization and high
volumes of consumption, many of the world’s media giants have
been present in the Indian market for more
than two decades. However, in recent
years, with near double-digit annual
growth and a fast-growing middle
class, there has been a renewed surge
in investments into the country by
global companies.
Media sectors, regarded as “sunset”
industries in mature markets, are
flourishing in India, presenting
global media companies with exciting
opportunities to counter declining
revenues. For example, the newspaper
industry, which is facing declining
readership in many international markets
because of digital media, continues to thrive
in India, driven by increasing literacy rates
and consumer spending as well as the growth
of regional markets and specialty newspapers.
Newspapers account for 42% of all advertising
spend in India, the highest in all media streams.
India’s favorable regulatory environment
and recent reforms are creating investment
opportunities in a number of M&E sectors.
Entry restrictions for foreign companies
have been relaxed and Foreign Direct
Investment (FDI) caps have been
recently increased in key sectors, including
Direct-To-Home (DTH) and radio. Mandatory
digitization of the country’s TV distribution
infrastructure has spurred the growth of digital cable
and DTH, and created the need for these companies
to fund their expansion. The third round of radio license
auctions (phase III), expected in the near future, is expected
see radio networks adding around 700 radio stations across
the country.
Then, there are India’s diverse content markets. The bulk of the
country’s urban consumption is from non-metro cities (the tier
2 and tier 3 towns) and comprises regional markets with distinct
cultures, languages and content preferences. These markets,
which are huge markets within markets, provide global M&E
companies with a variety of opportunities to deliver localized
content. Many global film studios and TV broadcasters have
already entered these markets and are producing regional
language content.
Finally, there is the evolution of consumption of digital content,
which is at an inflection point in India. Although internet
penetration is currently low in the country, the recent launch of
3G services and the eventual launch of 4G are expected to bring
a late surge in wireless-based broadband adoption. In conjunction
with India’s mobile phone user base of more than 750 million
subscribers, the scale and impact of the country’s potential
for digital content consumption is huge. This presents M&E
companies, foreign and domestic, with an exciting opportunity
to develop digital businesses that cater to a new generation of
broadband users.
While there are many opportunities to tap, there are also unique
differences and challenges. Diverse content preferences and
the low price point and high volumes of content consumption
are some of the critical differences that global M&E companies
need to assess when entering the Indian market. Companies
that understand and adapt to the economic and social fabric of
the country’s operating environment and that invest in tailored
content and services are likely to maximize their success.
M&E companies operating in India continue to be exposed to
risks ranging from local competition to fraud, corruption and
piracy. Furthermore, although the development of corporate
governance norms and ongoing structural and regulatory
reforms are expected to mitigate these threats, global M&E
companies need to develop flexible business plans, and identify
and develop mitigation strategies for key risks.
Media &
Entertainment
industry in India
Kannada magzines
List of Kannada magzines
Kannada E-magazinesSudha E-magazineMayura E-magazineVijayaNextSundayIndian KannadaTaranga KannadaRoopaTaaraVikrantaKarnatakaAnupamaChandaMamaKrishi SampadaDuniya WeeklyBodhiVrukshaVikramaCineGandhaChittarabhanuvara.comSakhi/Sakhi.in/AraginiParivartan Prabha
Kannada E-magazinesSudha E-magazineMayura E-magazineVijayaNextSundayIndian KannadaTaranga KannadaRoopaTaaraVikrantaKarnatakaAnupamaChandaMamaKrishi SampadaDuniya WeeklyBodhiVrukshaVikramaCineGandhaChittarabhanuvara.comSakhi/Sakhi.in/AraginiParivartan Prabha
All about cricket rules
Player:Official Cricket RulesCricket is a game played between two teams made up of eleven players each. There is also a reserve player called a “twelfth man” who is used should a player be injured during play.The twelfth man is not allowed to bowl, bat, wicket keep or captain the team. His sole duty is to act as a substitute fielder.The original player is free to return to the game assoon as they have recovered from their injury.To apply the law and make sure the cricket rules are upheld throughout the game there are two umpires in place during games. Umpires are responsible for making decisions and notifying the scorers of these decisions.Two umpires are in place on the playing field while there is also a third umpire off the field whois in charge of video decisions.This is where the call is too close for the on field umpires and they refer it to the third umpire who reviews slow motion video replays to make a decision.Game StructureTest cricket is a game that spans over two innings. This means that one team needs to bowl the other team out twice and score more runs then them to win the match. Another key difference between test cricket and other forms of cricket is the length of the innings. In test cricket there is no limit to the innings length. Whereas in one day cricket & Twenty20 cricket there are a certain amount of overs per innings. The only limits in test cricket is a 5 day length. Before the game begins an official will toss a coin. The captain who guesses the correct side of the coin will then choose if they want to bat or field first. One team will then bat while the other will bowl & field. The aim of the batting team is to score runs while the aim of the fielding team is tobowl ten people out and close the batting teams’ innings. Although there are eleven people in eachteam only ten people need to be bowled out as you cannot have one person batting alone. Batting is done in pairs.Once the first team has been bowled out the second team would then go into bat. Once the second team is then bowled out it would normallyreturn to the first team batting again. However there is an exception to this in the cricket rules, it is called the follow-on. The follow-on is when the first team makes at least 200 runs more than the second team made (in a 5 day test match). This then gives the first team the option to make the second team bat again. This is particularly useful if the game is progressing slowly or affected by bad weather and there might not be enough time for both teams to play a full innings. Should this be the case the batting team’s captain also has the right to forfeit their innings at any time. This is called a declaration. Some may wonder why a captain would forfeit the opportunity for his team to bat. However if the game is coming close to a close and it looks like they will not be able to bowlthe other team out again this could be an option. If one team is not bowled out twice and a winner determined in the five days of play the game is declared a draw. Therefore it may be worth declaring an innings to creat the possibility of a win rather than a draw.Ways to score runsThe aim of the batsmen is to score runs. One of the main cricket rules is that for batsmen to score runs they must run to each other’s end of the pitch (from one end to the other). In doing thisone run is scored. Cricket rules state they may run multiple runs per shot. As well as running they can also score runs by hitting boundaries. A boundary scores the batsmen either 4 or 6 runs. A four is scored by hitting the ball past the boundary after hitting the ground while a six is scored by hitting the ball past the boundary on the full (before it hits the ground). Cricket rules also state that once a 4 or 6 has been scored any runs physically ran by the batsman are null & void. They will only obtain the 4 or 6 runs.Other ways runs can be scored according to the cricket rules include no balls, wide balls, byes & leg byes. Cricket rules state that all runs scored by these methods are awarded to the batting team but not the individual batters.*.A “No Ball” can be declared for many reasons: Ifthe bowler bowls the ball from the wrong place, the ball is declared dangerous (often happens when bowled at the batsmen’s body on the full), bounces more than twice or rolls before reaching the batsman or if fielders are standing in illegal positions. The batsman can hit a no ball and score runs off it but cannot be out froma no ball except if they are ran out, hit the ball twice, handle the ball or obstruct the field. The batsman gains any runs scored off the no ball for his shot while the team also gains one run for the no ball itself.*.A “Wide Ball” will be declared if the umpire thinks the batsman did not have a reasonable opportunity to score off the delivery. However if the delivery is bowled over the batsmen’s head it will not be declared a wide but a no ball. Umpires are much stricter on wide deliveries in the shorter format of the game while being much more relaxed in test cricket. A wide delivery will add one run to the batting team andany runs scored by the batsman. The batsman is not able to get out off a wide delivery except if they are stumped, run out, handle the ball, hit their wicket or obstruct the field.*.A “Bye” is where a ball that isn’t a no ball or wide passes the striking batsman and runs are scored without the batsman hitting the ball.*.A “Leg Bye” is where runs are scored by hitting the batsman, but not the bat and the ball is not ano ball or wide. However no runs can be scored if the striking batsman didn’t attempt to play a shot or if he was avoiding the ball.Ways Batsmen can be given out according to cricket rulesThere are a number of different ways a batsman can be given out in the game of cricket. When a bowler gets a batsman out it is said that the bowler gets a “wicket”. Following are the differentways a batsman can be given out according to the rules of cricket:*.Bowled– Cricket rules state that if the ball is bowled and hits the striking batsman’s wickets the batsman is given out (as long as at least one bail is removed by the ball). It does not matter whether the ball has touched the batsman’s bat, gloves, body or any other part of the batsman. However the ball is not allowed to have touched another player or umpire before hitting the wickets.*.Caught– Cricket rules state that if a batsman hits the ball or touches the ball at all with his bator hand/glove holding the bat then the batsman can be caught out. This is done by the fielders, wicket keeper or bowler catching the ball on the full (before it bounces). If this is done then cricket rules state the batsman is out.*.Leg Before Wicket (LBW)– If the ball is bowled and it hits the batsman first without the bat hitting it then an LBW decision is possible. However for the umpire to give this out he must first look at some of the factors stated in the cricket rules. The first thing the umpire need to decide is would the ball have hit the wickets if the batsman was not there. If his answer to this is yes and the ball was not pitched on the leg side of the wicket he can safely give the batsman out. However if the ball hits the batsman outside the line of off stump while he was attempting to play a stroke then he is not out.*.Stumped– A batsman can be given out according to cricket rules when the wicketkeeper puts down his wicket while he is out of his crease and not attempting a run (if he is attempting a run it would be a runout).*.Run Out –Cricket rules state that a batsman is out if no part of his bat or body is grounded behind the popping crease while the ball is in play and the wicket is fairly put down by the fielding side.*.Hit Wicket– Cricket rules specify that if a batsman hits his wicket down with his bat or body after the bowler has entered his delivery stried and the ball is in play then he is out. The striking batsman is also out if he hits his wicket down while setting off for his first run.*.Handled The Ball– Cricket rules allow the batsman to be given out if he willingly handles the ball with the hand that is not touching the bat without the consent of the opposition.*.Timed Out– An incoming batsman must be ready to face a ball or be at the non strikers end with his partner within three minutes of the outgoing batsman being dismissed. If this is not done the incoming batsman can be given out.*.Hit The Ball Twice– Cricket rules state that if a batsman hits a ball twice other than for the purpose of protecting his wicket or with consent from the opposition he is out.*.Obstructing The Field– A batsman is out if he willingly obstructs the opposition by word or action
Monday 8 January 2018
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